The Framework

Digital Healthcare Engineering (DHE)

A modular framework for the lifecycle digitalisation of ships and offshore structures — bringing real-time monitoring, digital twins, AI diagnostics, and predictive maintenance into a single connected system.

Lifecycle healthcare for engineered structures

Ships and offshore structures spend decades in harsh, remote environments. Over time they accumulate corrosion, fatigue cracking, and mechanical damage — often far from where engineers can easily reach them.

Digital Healthcare Engineering treats these structures the way modern medicine treats a patient: through continuous monitoring, accurate diagnosis, and timely intervention. Rather than waiting for scheduled dry-docking or responding only after damage is found, the framework keeps a live picture of a structure's condition across its entire service life — sensing in the field, analysing on shore, and planning maintenance before small problems become critical ones.

The framework I first proposed in 2021 began as an approach to the lifetime digitalisation of ships and offshore structures, and developed into the Digital Healthcare Engineering system described here. It is modular by design, so each part can be developed, tested, and deployed independently while still feeding the whole.

Monitoring vital signs, diagnosing early, treating in time — applied not to the human body, but to the steel structures we depend on at sea.

The five modules

From sensing in the field to maintenance decisions on shore, the DHE framework connects five stages into a continuous loop.

1

Real-Time Monitoring & Digitisation

On-site measurement and digitisation of structural health parameters.

2

Secure Data Transmission

Reliable transfer of field data to land-based analytics centres.

3

Digital-Twin Analytics

Advanced analytics and simulation using digital twin technology.

4

AI-Driven Diagnostics

Automated diagnosis and maintenance recommendations using AI.

5

Predictive Health Analysis

Forecasting condition to plan future maintenance optimally.

Digital Healthcare Engineering in the literature

Since the framework was first proposed in 2021, Digital Healthcare Engineering has grown into an active field of research. Studies now apply and extend it across ships, offshore wind turbines, jacket platforms, land-based LNG tanks, subsea pipelines, FRP composite repairs, and the health and well-being of seafarers — and the work has supported a dedicated research group at UCL.

  1. Sindi A, Thomas G, Paik JK. A state-of-the-art on the digital twin modelling for lifetime healthcare of ships and offshore structures. Proc. ICSOS 2021, Hamburg, Germany, 2021.
  2. Sindi A, Kim HJ, Yang YJ, et al. Advancing digital healthcare engineering for aging ships and offshore structures: an in-depth review and feasibility analysis. Data-Centric Eng 5, 2024. doi:10.1017/dce.2024.14
  3. Paik JK. Enhancing safety and sustainability through digital healthcare engineering: ships, structures, and seafarers. Marine Technology, 2024, 34–40.
  4. Xie Y, Kim HJ, Yin Y, et al. Enhancing the safety and sustainability of aging jacket-type offshore wind turbines in extreme weather conditions through digital healthcare engineering: a literature review. Ships Offshore Struct, 2025, 1–28.
  5. Duan W, Tan PJ, Paik JK. Enhancing safety and resilience of ageing land-based LNG tank structures through digital healthcare engineering: a feasibility assessment in seismic environments. Ships Offshore Struct, 2024, 1–17.
  6. Cui M-X, He K-H, Wang F, et al. Human digital healthcare engineering for enhancing the health and well-being of seafarers and offshore workers: a comprehensive review. Systems, 2025, 13:335.
  7. Kim HJ, Paik JK. A digital twin model within the framework of a digital healthcare engineering system for aging containership hull structures. Ships Offshore Struct, 2025, 1–18.
  8. Mohammad Fadzil N, Muda MF, Abdul Shahid MD, et al. Digital healthcare engineering for aging offshore pipelines: a state-of-the-art review. Ships Offshore Struct, 2024, 1–14.
  9. Liu K, Liu Y, Cai B, et al. A calculation method for the digital twin of aging jacket platforms within the digital healthcare engineering framework. Ocean Eng, 2026, 343:123367.
  10. Kim HJ, Xie Y, Paik JK. Predictive health analysis for future maintenance planning in aging containership hull structures within digital healthcare engineering systems. In: Vol. 1: Offshore Technology; Structures, Safety and Reliability; Materials Technology, ASME, Vancouver, V001T02A036.
  11. Paik JK. From the Titanic era to the AI era: digital healthcare engineering as a lifecycle, real-time, intelligent, integrated management solution driven by AI, digital twin, and high-speed communication technologies. Ships Offshore Struct, 2026, 21:8–11.
  12. Hairil Mohd M, Fakri Muda M, Kitane Y, et al. A systematic mapping study on data-driven methods within the digital healthcare engineering framework for composite FRP repairs of offshore pipelines. Ships Offshore Struct, 2026, 1–14.
  13. Liu K, Cai B, Xie Y, et al. Digital healthcare engineering for enhancing the safety and sustainability of aging jacket platforms: a comprehensive review and gap analysis. Saf Sci, 2026, 199:107175.
  14. Song SW, Yang JH, Jang BS, et al. Fourier neural operator surrogate for automated stress conversion-based structural health monitoring of complex marine infrastructure. Autom Constr, 2026, 184:106836.
  15. Paik JK. Special issue — from the Titanic era to the AI era: a century of transformation in ships and offshore structures. Ships Offshore Struct, 2026, 21:1–3.
  16. University College London. Marine Safety and Digital Healthcare Engineering Group.

Highlighted entries are first-authored by Abdulaziz Sindi, including the originating 2021 framework paper [1].

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